Design and Synthesis of Multi-Target Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease  Treatment

Toni Kroos

Short commentary: 2024 Vol: 16 Issue: 8

Design and Synthesis of Multi-Target Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

Toni Kroos^*

Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, England, UK

Corresponding Author:: Toni Kroos
Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, England, UK

Received: 26-Jul-2024, Manuscript No. JOCPR-24-141228; Editor assigned: 29-Jul-2024, PreQC No. JOCPR-24-141228 (PQ); Reviewed: 12-Aug-2024, QC No. JOCPR-24-141228; Revised: 19-Aug-2024, Manuscript No. JOCPR-24-141228 (R); Published: 26-Aug-2024, DOI:10.37532/0975-7384.2024.16(8).181

Citation: Kroos T. 2024. Design and Synthesis of Multi-Target Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 16:181.

Copyright: © 2024 Kroos T. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Description

A neurological disease that progresses over time, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by behavioral abnormalities, memory loss and cognitive impairment. It has a major impact on society and healthcare systems, affecting millions of individuals globally. Effective treatments for AD remain elusive despite intensive study, mainly because the condition is complicated and multifaceted [1]. The effectiveness of traditional medication development strategies that focus on individual disease processes has been demonstrated to be low. The idea of multi-target inhibitors has gained traction recently as a viable approach to treating AD's complex pathogenesis and enhancing treatment results. The development of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) plaques, hyper phosphorylation of tau protein resulting in neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, neuro inflammation and cholinergic dysfunction are among the numerous interrelated events that make up the pathophysiology of AD [2]. The gradual neuronal damage and cognitive impairment seen in AD patients are a result of the interaction between these pathogenic traits rather than their occurrences alone. As a result, treatment focusing on only one facet of the illness frequently is unable to stop or even reverse its course. A holistic strategy to treating AD is provided by multi-target inhibitors, which are meant to modify numerous disease-related targets at once. Multi-target inhibitors seek to produce additive effects, improve therapeutic efficacy and maybe impede the advancement of disease by interfering at different locations within the pathological network. An agent that suppresses tau hyper phosphorylation and Aβ aggregation, for instance, could effectively treat two key aspects of AD pathology and outperform medications that specifically target these mechanisms [3].

Developing single compounds that can interact with numerous targets, combining pharmacophores from different medications and using hybrid molecules are some of the tactics used in the design of multi-target inhibitors for AD. These approaches take advantage of developments in molecular modeling, medicinal chemistry and structure-based drug design to produce molecules with ideal pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Designing single molecules with two or more activity is one strategy. This can be accomplished by combining shared binding motifs or structural characteristics from several targets into a single molecule [4-6]. For example, by joining functional groups that interact with tau phosphorylation sites and Aβ aggregation sites, compounds with anti-tau and anti-Aβ characteristics can be created. These multifunctional molecules are identified and optimized in large part using computational methods like molecular docking and virtual screening. Phacophores, or the active ingredients of many medications, can be logically combined to create a single hybrid molecule as another tactic. Targeting numerous AD-related pathways at once is made possible by this strategy [7]. The pharmacophores of cholinesterase inhibitory drugs, such as donepezil, which improves cholinergic transmission and antioxidant compounds, such as resveratrol, which reduces oxidative stress, can be combined to create a hybrid molecule that may have multi-target activity. The advantageous qualities of both parent chemicals can be preserved in these hybrid molecules while reducing the negative effects of each one separately.

Precise chemical synthesis methods are needed to build complex compounds with several functional groups in order to synthesize multi-target inhibitors [8]. High purity and yield chemicals are created by using sophisticated synthetic techniques as click chemistry, solid-phase synthesis and multi-step organic synthesis. Using methods such as mass spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, the produced compounds are thoroughly characterized to verify their structures and guarantee their integrity. Multi-target inhibitors are produced and then subjected to a battery of in vitro and in vivo experiments to determine their biological activity, selectivity and effectiveness [9]. Through in vitro experiments, the drugs are evaluated in relation to biological objectives such tau phosphorylation, cholinesterase activity and Aβ aggregation. These assays offer preliminary information on the drugs' multi-target characteristics and possible therapeutic benefits. Subsequently, pharmacokinetics, brain penetration and overall efficacy of the drugs in reducing AD-related pathology and cognitive deficits are assessed in vivo using animal models of the disease.

Finally, an effective method for tackling the complex pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease is the development and manufacture of multi-target inhibitors. These inhibitors seek to increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce the course of disease by regulating numerous disease-related targets at the same time. The development of successful multi-target therapeutics for AD is being facilitated by continuous improvements in drug design, synthesis and evaluation, despite lingering obstacles. Multi-target inhibitors could change the way AD is treated and enhance the lives of millions of patients and their families as research into them continues [10].

Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research (ISSN : 0975-7384)

Design and Synthesis of Multi-Target Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

Description

References