Second Issue : Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research

Anti-tumor activity of N4[(E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]iso-nicotinohydrazide and Its Ti (IV) and Cu (II) complexes on K562 and Jurkat

N4[(E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene] isonicotinohydrazide abbreviated as NHPM were synthesized and characterized. Ti(IV) and Cu(II) metal complexes of this ligand prepared by reaction of fluoride salt of Ti(IV) and acetate salt of Cu(II) with NHPM in dry acetonitrle. Characterization of the ligand and its complexes was made by microanalyses, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and UV–Visible spectroscopy. These new complexes showed excellent antitumor activity against two kind of cancer cells that are K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia) cells and Jurkat (human T lymphocyte carcinoma) cells.

Removal of divalent manganese from aqueous solution using Tamarindus indica fruit nut shell

Removal of Mn(II) ions from aqueous solution through adsorption on to Tamarindus Indica Fruit Nut Shell (TFNS) in its pristine and acid treated forms was studied. TFNS a tannin-containing material was characterized by porosity, SEM and FTIR analysis. Experiments were carried out as function of pH, concentration of metal ion, amount of adsorbent and contact time. The equilibrium characteristics of Mn(II) adsorption was described by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, chemisorption, fractionary order and Weber-Morris model. Based on error function analysis, it may be concluded that pseudo-second-order and chemisorption models gave a better representation of the data compared to other models. The monolayer adsorption capacities of pristine and acid treated forms of TFNS were found to be 122 and 182 mg/g respectively. A compression has been drawn on the extent of biosorption between pristine and acid treated form of TFNS. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, TFNS is an excellent adsorbent for the removal of Mn(II) ions.

Aloe vera : A potential herb and its medicinal Importance

Aloe vera contains numerous vitamins and minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and agents which may be anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial. The combination and balance of the plant's ingredients are what purportedly gives it its healing properties. The part of the Aloe vera which is used are the leaves. The Aloe is an Emollient, Purgative and Vulnerary. It is also used for its antibacterial, anesthetic and antiseptic properties, and is good to use as a tool for restoration of tissue. It is most commonly used on burns and minor cuts, especially good for sunburns, although it is being used for the treatment of skin cancer. Aloe is very useful on rashes caused by Poison Ivy, and it may help to draw out infection. It may help with Vaginal Yeast Infections, although this is not solid at this time. Aloe be made into a warm tea, made from the juice as a wash for eyes. The washing of eyes with Aloe may protect the eyes from ultraviolet rays from the sun. It can be used as a purgative. Aloe is also an extremely powerful laxative, and it is not recommended that it is taken internally. It is recommended that the fresh juice from the plant is used, and not the store bought juice within other products or on its own. The reason for this is that the medicinal use of the plant diminishes with time, and there is much questioning about whether or not you can receive benefits from the store bought aloe, even if the product has been filled with preservatives. It gives a healthy and supple look to the skin by reducing wrinkles, curing acne, rejuvenating and giving it a youthful glow.

Gold nanoparticles: A new approach for cancer detection

Gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid ("liquid chemical methods") by reduction of chloroauric acid (H[AuCl4]), although more advanced and precise methods do exist. Gold nanoparticles are also found to distinguish between cancer cells and noncancerous cells. Another benefit is that the results are instantaneous. “If you take cells from a cancer stricken tissue and spray them with these gold nanoparticles that have this antibody you can see the results immediately. The scattering is so strong that you can detect a single particle. The interaction between light and gold nanostructures is not only useful for the treatment of cancer but also for its diagnosis.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies on Cobalt (II), Nickel (II), Copper (II) and Zinc (II) complexes of N, O, S donor schiff bases

Biologically important Schiff bases L1 8-nitro-2-{[(5'-methyl-3'-isoxazolyl) imino] methyl} naphtha [NMIIMN], L2 N-[5'-methyl-3'-isoxazolyl]-N-[(E)-1-(-2 Thiophene)] methylidine] amine [MITMA] have been synthesized. Metal Chelates of NMIIMN and MITMA with Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) metals have been synthesized and the structures of these chelates have been elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H_NMR, Mass, IR electronic spectral data and magnetic moments. From these studies it is found that the ligands NMIIMN and MITMA act as bidentate ligands coordinating through oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms in the case of NMIIMN, sulpher and nitrogen atoms in the case of MITMA. The chelates of Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) appear to be octahedral and Cu (II) appears to be tetragonal geometry. Antimicrobial activity of the ligands and their metal complexes against bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas) and fungus (R. Solani, A. Niger) has been carried out. It is found that the metal complexes have higher activities than those of free ligands.

Synthesis and study of antibacterial and antifungal activity of novel 2-(5-substituted methylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2yl)phenols

A new series of Anti bacterial and Antifungal agents with 2-(5-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) phenol as the central scaffold unit has been synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR and 1HNMR spectral methods. The compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic microbes Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, in comparison with the reference drug Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and comparable to that of Fluconazole as a reference drug and in this investigation the significant level of activity was illustrated.

Acoustic study of intermolecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured for the binary mixtures of 1- propanol with toluene, benzene and cyclohexane at 303K The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi), acoustic impedance (Z) and molar volume (Vm). The excess values of some the above parameters are also evaluated and presented. A weak molecular interaction between the component molecules is observed in the present investigation. Also, the additionof non-polar component with polar 1-propanol causes dissociation of its hydrogen bonded structure. A weak magnitude of molecular association is observed in 1-prpoanolcyclohexane system.

Herbal remedies of Azadirachta indica and its medicinal application

The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has been known as the wonder tree for centuries in the Indian subcontinent. It has become important in the global context today because it offers answers to the major concerns facing mankind.Neem (Azadirachta indica) is considered harmless to humans, animals, birds, beneficial insects and earthworms, and has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency for use on food crops. Azadirachtin and other active ingredients in the neem seed have insecticidal properties that are effective against a broad spectrum of insects, many mites and nematodes, and even snails and fungi, and do not seem to generate resistance in the pests they affect. Nowadays, neem and its extracts are used in numerous herbal and allopathic medicines. What's more, even neem contraceptives are available in the market these days.Neem extract which have Nimbinin, nimbandiol as active constituents, alcoholic extract of the leaves was found to possess a significant blood sugar lowering effect, which are very useful against diabetes. Neem is used in Dermatitis Eczema, Acne, Bacterial, Fungal infections and other skin disorders. It has demonstrated its effectiveness as a powerful antibiotic. Neem also has shown antiviral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. It helps support a strong immune system and is used in cases of inflammatory skin conditions. Traditionally Neem has been used for skin and blood purifying conditions. Neem not only helps in curing diseases, but it also provides us with the strength of fighting diseases by enhancing our immunity.

Synthesis and characterization of some (4-Substituted benzylidene)-3-methyl-1-(substituted phenyl sulfonyl/benzoyl)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one derivatives

The Synthesis of 5-methyl -2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazole-3-one is prepared by the cyclisation reaction between etylacetoacetate and hydrazine hydrate in absolute alcohol.(compound 1). 5- methyl -2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazole-3-one react with substituted benzaldehyde to prepare 4-(4- substituted benzylidene)-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (compound 2). 4-(4- substituted benzylidene)-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one and substituted benzoyl chloride and substituted benzene sulfonyl chloride and add Triethylamine1 to2 drops and stirring for 4 hr and evaporate Trietylamine on water bath and product of (4-Substituted benzylidene)- 3-methyl-1-(Substituted Phenyl Sulfonyl and substituted benzoyl)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)- one(compound 3 and 4) obtained

Release studies of Ketoprofen niosome formulation

Anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen was encapsulated in niosome for topical application. Ketoprofen niosome were prepared by thin film hydration method technique using surfactant, cholesterol, dicetyl phosphate & drug mixture in different weight ratios. The prepared niosomes were characterized by various physicochemical parameters & evaluation of release studies of entrapped ketoprofen in niosomes were carried out by UV Visible spectrophotometric method.

Recent advances in prevention, treatment and medication of Malaria

Malaria imposes great socio-economic burden on humanity.Moreover, in India, the government health sector, which provides free or highly subsidized health care, caters to the needs of 20% of the population, mainly in rural areas, whereas the rest of the population seeks health care in the private sector as their first point of contact, where the bulk of malaria is generally treated empirical. Malaria parasites have the capability of multiplying into thousands every few days after they enter the bloodstream and hence, the disease can quickly turn into an epidemic. Therefore, a little caution, correct diagnosis and timely treatment can help save you a lot of trouble. Malaria is spread by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are most active between dusk and dawn. In most people, the symptoms begin showing 10 days to four weeks after infection. Malaria is widespread in many parts of India throughout the year. However, the colder regions of northern India usually have lesser cases of the disease as mosquitoes do not thrive in low temperature areas. Malaria may be treated using the drugs. The treatment of the malaria is very complicated because different types of malaria require different types of drugs. Quinine is a classic type of treatment used for the malaria. Quinine is effective for particular types of malaria, but other parasites developed resistance to the quinine. These drugs are clindamycin, tetracycline, mefloquine, or sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine. Chloroquine is advanced type of quinine.

A stability-indicating RP-LC method for the determination of related substances in Simvastatin

A gradient reverse-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method was developed for the determination of related substances in Simvastatin drug substance. Simvastatin is a potent competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, can be used in treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Good chromatographic separation was achieved for all the listed known impurities along with some new process impurities from the peak of interest. The current USP HPLC method for the determination of related substances of simvastatin is not able to well separate some critical impurities that may form during the synthetic process or carried over from the starting materials. The chromatographic separation achieved on a ZORBAX column. The LC method employs solutions A and B as mobile phase. The solution A contains a mixture of phosphate buffer with pH 3 and Acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) and solution B contains pure Acetonitrile and the detection wavelength used 238 nm. The resolution between simvastatin and its closely eluting potential impurity, namely methyl ester of simvastatin was found to be greater than 2. Forced degradation studies were performed for Simvastatin bulk drug using acidic condition, basic condition, oxidation, heat and light. All the degradants products are well resolved in the developed method. The method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and forced degradation studies prove the stability-indicating power of the developed method.

LIFEMAPPER: Mapping and predicting the distribution of life with distributed computation: The future of biodiversity

Drugs hazards and rational use of drugs: A review

Ever since the accessibility of modern medicine increased all over the world, the rampant and misuse also increase considerably. A continuous research resulting in introduction of the newer compounds is going on. Many of these are being introduced and used without complete of drugs. The pharmacist because of different reasons is unable to practice the rational drug therapy that is supply right drug, at right time in right dose to the patient. The present article takes the help of some published reports to explain irrational or misuse of drug leading to fatal effect. The article also highlights the major reasons involved in the irrational use of drugs. Not only the irrational use but the drugs having the adverse reaction and hazardous effects are also used in large amount in developing nations due regulatory reasons. The use of these drugs without the complete knowledge has also a major problem. In this article the author has given emphasis on the drug hazards and rational use of drug by giving some reports like US FDA, different hazardous effect of drug. Author has also explained the rational use of drug in terms of medical, socio economic and some legal aspects along with reasons for irrational use of drug and obstacles exist in rational drugs, also includes some steps to improve rational drug prescribing method, and conclude that drug may act as a God or may act as a Devil if not used properly.

Anthelmintic and anti-microbial activity of some novel chalcone derivatives

In this study, substituted chalcone derivatives were synthesized and their Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial activities were carried out. Chalcone derivatives were obtained by the treatment of substituted acetophenone with substituted aromatic and hetero aromatic aldehydes. The structure elucidation of the compounds was performed by UV, IR, 1H NMR. Generally the prepared compound exhibited only moderate Anthelmintic and Anti-microbial activity; however, a few of them exhibited good activity.

Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of some medicinal plants

Medicinal plants are finding use as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and food supplements. Even as traditional source of medicines and they continue to play pivotal rule. Ethanolic extract of three medicinal plants viz., Acalypha indica, Ricinus communis and Euphorbia hirta were evaluated for there therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agent against six standard organisms 3 bacteria (Klebsiela pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 3 fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillium chrysogenum) by using Filter Paper Disc Method. Antimicrobial efficacy of callus cultures of E. hirta with inhibition zone of 16 mm was found to highest against F. oxysporium (Fungus) and in A. indica with inhibition zone of 27 mm was found to maximum against K. pneumoniae (Bacteria). Contrary, in in vivo analysis of antimicrobial efficacy of A. indica with inhibition zone of 15 mm were found to highest against P. chrysogenum (Fungus) and E. hirta with inhibition zone of 25 mm was found to highest against K. pneumoniae (Bacteria).

Neurological studies of novel compounds from Swertia chirayit

Natural plants exhibit different activities due to different biologically active constituents that’s why it is the need that isolated compound from the plant must be fully characterized in a biological, pharmacological sense and biochemical sense. Swertia chirayita is a well known traditional Ayurvedic plant and is considered most important for its medicinal properties. It has been shown by the literature that plant are the rich sources of informative molecules like xanthones, seco-irridoid glycosides etc, main aim of this research is to extract, isolate and characterized the active principles mainly novel compounds and do their biological activity two compounds have been isolated which have not been reported yet and their pharmacological studies (CNS) has been performed.

Allium sativum and its health benefits: An overview

Herbs are God and nature's gifts to us. While the use of herbs and remedies has brought excellent results for many people, garlic health benefits include antibacterial and anti-septic properties and it is used extensively in treating conditions such as candida overgrowth. Garlic also functions as an excellent mosquito repellent. It has been established that garlic contains antioxidants that help destroy free radicals. Free radicals when accumulated have the potential to create a lot of damage at the cellular level, which then results in premature aging. Garlic has long been considered a herbal "wonder drug", with a reputation in folklore for preventing everything from the common cold and flu . It has been used extensively in herbal medicine Garlic does indeed have scientifically-proven medicinal properties. It contains a substance called Allicin, which has antibacterial properties that are equivalent to weak penicillin. Raw garlic is used by some to treat the symptoms of acne and there is some evidence that it can assist in managing. Garlic has been used for many years to prevent health problems including colds, flu, menstrual pain, high blood pressure, coughs, gastrointestinal problems, atherosclerosis, and bronchitis. Garlic has been proven to kill various fungal infections, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites. The use of garlic in cultural and traditional settings may differ from concepts accepted by current Western medicine. When considering the use of herbal supplements, consultation with a primary health care professional is advisable. Additionally, consultation with a practitioner trained in the uses of herbal/health supplements may be beneficial, and coordination of treatment among all health care providers involved may be advantageous. Garlic appears to have anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties.

Knowing how each atom moves in real-time during chemical reactions

The Raman Effect occurs when light impinges upon a molecule and interacts with the electron cloud and the bonds of that molecule. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry, since vibrational information is specific to the chemical bonds and symmetry of molecules. It therefore provides a fingerprint by which the molecule can be identified.A new spectroscopy technique to uncover the precise sequence of atomic movements and structural changes that occur during complex chemical transformations. GFP involves a classic intermolecular proton transfer reaction to produce its fluorescent form. This happens on an ultra fast timescale - from 10 femtoseconds to 10 picoseconds. To perform structural measurements and determine the mechanism and pathway of any reaction occurring in this time range by using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). A great deal was known about the kinetics of the proton transfer reaction but little was known about the actual complexity of the reaction coordinate or combination of atomic motions that must occur before the proton can be transferred. The time resolved structural data which told us the actual atomic motions that are necessary. 'This work shows a possibility that we will be able to know how structure changes in real-time even in very complex molecules like a protein using FSRS

HPTLC method for estimation of isolated derivative in fractions of seeds of Ensete superbum

Isolated chroman derivative from the seeds of Ensete superbum Cheesm have been reported to possess anti-implantation activity. The literature survey reveals that no HPTLC methods are reported for the present drug. Hence, an attempt was made that the active derivative can be selected as a standard for the presence of same in different fractions respectively. The isolated chroman derivative along with the fractions was subjected to multi-wavelength scanning and spectrum analysis. The detection and quantification were observed at wavelengths of 256 and 550 nm. HPTLC analysis indicated that the maximum amount of isolated derivative was present in ethanol fraction (1.83%) followed by ethyl acetate (1.74%) and methanol fraction (0.70%).The petroleum ether fraction of the extract was found to contain no traces of the isolated compound. Linearity studies indicated that isolated derivative was present in the linear range of 100 -500 ng. Since this method resolves and quantifies the isolated chroman derivative effectively, therefore it can be used as a marker compound to quantify the concentration of this active principle in its different extracts.

Recent advances in the treatment of Bone marrow disorder

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells, called stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting. If you have a bone marrow disease, there are problems with the stem cells or how they develop. Leukemia is a cancer in which the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. With aplastic anemia, the bone marrow doesn't make red blood cells. Other diseases, such as lymphoma, can spread into the bone marrow and affect the production of blood cells. Other causes of bone marrow disorders include your genetic makeup and environmental factors. The cell compression caused by an overgrowth of the supporting fibrous tissue network, resulting in abnormally shaped cells and decreased numbers of cells. One cell line that becomes predominant because the cells don't die at a normal rate. Diseases that may spread to the bone marrow, affecting cell production and maturation. Symptoms of bone marrow diseases vary. Treatments depend on the disorder and how severe it is. They might involve medicines, blood transfusions or a bone marrow transplant.

Nanotechnology: An introduction to future drug delivery system

Nanoparticles are capable of self-assembly and maintaining stability and specificity, which are crucial to drug encapsulation and biocompatibility . Recent progress in cancer nanotechnology raises exciting opportunities in which diagnosis and treatment are based on the molecular profiles of individual patients. The present review article elaborates various nanocarriers like nanotubes, quantum dots, nanoshells, liposomes, dendrimers, etc. and special emphasis on the recent advances of nanotechnology.

Development of gas chromatographic method for carcinogens

A simple, fast and accurate method has been developed for the determination of Benzene in Toluene by Gas Chromatography. The analysis was carried out on Shimadzu GC-2010 Gas Chromatograph. The column used was 30mx 0.32 mm Id fused silica analytical column ZB-624, 1.80 µm. (6% cyanopropylphenyl: 94% dimethylpolysiloxane as a stationary phase). The detector used was FID detector. The validation of proposed method was also carried out.

Synthesis of some new 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-6-(1-napthylamino)-pyridines as antibacterial agents

Variety of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-6-(1-napthyl amino)-pyridines 3(a-h) have been synthesized by reacting 1-(1-napthyl amino)-3-aryl-2-propen-1-ones 2(a-h) with malononitrile and ammonium acetate in methanol under reflux condition. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the spectral analysis. Furthermore, all the synthesized products were screened for their antibacterial activity.

Evaluation of antiulcer activity of root and leaf extract of Polyscias balfouriana var. marginata

Polyscias Balfouriana is an ornamental plant which belongs to the family Araliaceae. The plant is a bushy shrub with glossy green coloured leaves with white margins. The chemical nature of the active principles is high content of triterpenoid saponins. The family and the chemical nature of this plant are same as that of Panax Ginseng. Since ginseng is well established for its anti stress property, it was used as the standard drug for evaluating the anti ulcer activity. Ulcer was induced by physical and chemical method. The leaf and root extract was given in two different concentrations of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight. It was observed that the leaf extract of 500mg/kg body weight showed better anti ulcer activity.

Formulation development and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of Carvedilol

Carvedilol is a poorly water soluble oral antihypertensive agent, with problems of variable bioavailability and bioequivalence related to its poor water solubility. Carvedilol is a nonselective beta adrenergic blocking agent with alpha-1 blocking activity and is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and mild to moderate heart failure of ischematic or cardiomyopathic origin In the present work solubility was enhanced by using β- cyclodextrin as a complexing agent. Sweeteners and flavors were used to enhance the organoleptic properties of tablet. Solubility studies were performed to investigate the drug carrier interaction. I.R. and D.S.C studies carried out to investigate any interaction and stability of formulation. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Prepared tablets were evaluated for thickness, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, wetting time, in-vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release. All the formulations were evaluated for the influence of disintegrates and their concentrations on the characteristics of fast dissolving tablets mainly in terms of disintegration time and dissolution studies. Optimized formulation of Ac-Di-Sol Superdisintegrant in the concentration of (6mg) i.e. F3 batch gives best results than all the formulation. Formulation F3 of Ac-Di-sol superdisintegrant required minimum disintegration time, wetting time Compared to Formulations of Crosspovidone, or Sodium-starch glycoate with same concentration. From this study it can be concluded that Carvedilol can be successfully complexed with Beta-cyclodextrin to prepare fast dissolving tablets in the ratio of 1: 4.

Production of solid lipid nanoparticles-dDrug loading and release mechanism

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) introduced at the beginning of the 1990s represents an alternative carrier system to traditional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric micro and nanoparticles. A number of administration routes such as topical, oral, parenteral, nasal and pulmonary have been proposed for the delivery of SLNs. This paper reviews various production techniques for SLNs including their advantages and disadvantages, drug incorporation, loading capacity with the factors affecting drug incorporation and loading capacity and drug release, especially emphasizing on mechanism drug release.

Rift valley fever: A review

Rift Valley Fever is mosquito-borne viral infection affecting animals and humans. It is an acute viral disease that affects domestic animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels and primarily domestic livestock, but can be passed to humans causing fever. Serious complications like jaundice, haemorrhage, renal failure may occur in chronic cases. Spread is by the bite of infected mosquitoes, typically the Aedes or Culex genera. Humans are also readily infected through aerosols from infected animals when humidity is high, or by exposure to infected animal tissues, aborted fetuses, mosquito bites, and laboratory procedures. ELISA test confirms diagnosis along with careful symptomatic observation.

Indian traditional herbs Adhatoda vasica and its medicinal application

Vasaka is a well-known herb in indigenous systems of medicine for its beneficial effects, particularly in bronchitis.Vasaka leaves, bark, the root bark, the fruit and flowers are useful in the removal of intestinal parasites. Vasaka herb is used for treating cold, cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. The decoction of its root and bark in doses of 30 grams twice or thrice a day for 3 days can be given for this purpose. The juice of its fresh leaves can also be used in doses of a teaspoon thrice a day for days. In acute stages of bronchitis, vasaka gives unfailing relief, especially where the sputum is thick and sticky. It liquefies the sputum so that it is brought up more easily. For relief in asthma, the dried leaves should be smoked. In Ayurveda, a preparation made from vasaka flowers, known as gulkand is used to treat tuberculosis. The juice from its leaves should be given in doses of 2 to 4 grams in treating diarrhea and dysentery.A few fresh petals of vasaka flowers should be bruised and put in a pot of china clay. Some sugar crystals are added and the jar kept in the sun. It should be stirred every morning and evening. The preserve is ready for use in about a month. A poultice of its leaves can be applied with beneficial results over fresh wounds, rheumatic joints and inflammatory swellings. A warm decoction of its leaves is useful in treating scabies and other skin diseases. In olden times its leaves were made into a decoction with pepper and dried ginger. But the modern medicine searched its active ingradients and found out that vasicine,oxyvascicine and vasicinone are the alkaloids present in vasaka and in which vasicine is the active ingradient for expelling sputum from the body .

Synthesis and evaluation of some new substituted 1,4-dihydro pyridine derivatives and their anticonvulsant activity

A series of substituted 1, 4-Dihydropyridine derivatives were synthesized and the structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectral and elemental analysis. All the compounds were evaluated for anti convulsant activity by Maximal Electroshock Induced convulsions in Rats, PTZ induced convulsions in Rats, and Strychnine induced Convulsions in Rats methods. Compounds A1,A2,A3,A4,B1,B2,B3,B4 have been found to exhibit anti-convulsant activity.

Polarographic behavior and analysis of Flumetralin in formulations and environmental samples

A differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method for the determination of Flumetralin is described based on the reduction of a nitro group at a dropping mercury electrode (DME) in Briton-Robinson buffers of pH 2.0 to 12.0 using 25% acetone-water mixture as a solvent. Also a cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique has been used to study the behaviour of Flumetralin at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The DPP method described here has been applied to the analysis of Flumetralin in formulations, grains, soils and spiked water samples. Both standard addtion and calibration methods were used for the analytical measurements. The lower detection limit was found to be 1.87x10 -8 M.

Swertia chirata: A traditional herb and its medicinal uses

Chirayata is an excellent remedy for strengthening the stomach and promoting its action. It is used in the treatment of dyspepsia and diarrhea. Chiretta stimulates the digestion and helps to normalize blood sugar, which makes it useful for diabetics. Studies with animals suggest that this herb reduces the sugar levels only when they are high, which lowers the risk of hypoglycemia. The bitterness of the herb stimulates saliva and gastric juices, which help stop nausea, bloating, indigestion and hiccups. It is also used for fever and to rid the body of parasites. It is a tonic for the heart, liver and eyes, and can be useful to relieve sciatica, cough, scanty urine and melancholia.Chiretta is used as a preventative measure for malaria during epidemics. It is given as a tonic to people convalescing from a long illness. This herb is antimicrobial. Studies are underway to see if this herb continues to offer a reduction in cancer cells when taken to fight cancer Its medicinal uses are Bitter tonic, stomachic, febrifuge and anthelmintic, appetizer, laxative,alterative, antidiarrhoeic and antiperiodic. Chiretta decoction can be added to a bath to help skin rashes. Skin diseases with burning sensations, oozing and itching respond well to this herb. The traditional uses of medicinal plants in healthcare practices are providing clues to new areas of research; hence its importance is now well recognized. Swertia chirayita is widely demanded for its unmatched medicinal properties to the gentian. Swertia chirayita provided by us is valued as a febrifuge and tonic. Perfect for various diseases like diarrhea, fever and weakness, our Swertia chirayita is available at very affordable prices. We are well reckoned as the most preeminent Chirata Manufacturer and Exporter based in India.

Herbal remedies for asthma: An overview

Asthma affects 7% population of the United States, 6.5% of British population and a total of 300 million people worldwide. It affects over 5-10% of the population in industrialized countries. Asthma is characterized by a predisposition to chronic inflammation of the lungs in which the airways (bronchi) are reversibly narrowed resulting in difficulty in breathing. The agents responsible for the early reaction (immediate bronchoconstriction) include- histamine, tryptase, and other neutral proteases, leukotrienes C4 & D4 and prostaglandins. Synthetic drugs may give instant relief from symptoms of asthma, but have lot of undesirable effects (like those of steroids). Herbal drugs (Tylophora, Coleus, Ephedra, Boswelia and Ginkgo etc.) as reported in ancient literature and screened for pharmacological activity are an excellent option for the treatment of various ailments including asthma.

In-vitro evaluation of prepared topical gel of Nimesulide

Nimesulide is a second generation non–steroidal anti–inflammatory agent, which is widely used in the long term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, in alleviating pain and inflammation. But its short half-life (only 3–4hrs.), so its causes more fluctuation. After oral administration Nimesulide causes to produces heart burn, nausea, loose motions, pruritus, etc. The present study based on the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel of Nimesulide, so as to avoid all gastric side effects. For the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel natural polymer aegel marmelos (plant Bale) was used. Bioadhesive polymers are the agents which increases the contact between the formulation and biological membrane, so as to avoid the fluctuation of formulation and behave as a sustained release formulation. In the present study, prepared bioadhesive topical gel was evaluated with the help of different parameters like drug content, spreadability, extrudability, swelling index study, in–vitro drug diffusion study, in-vitro drug release kinetic study and ex– vivo bioadhesive measurement. On the basis of in–vitro drug diffusion study and ex–vivo bioadhesive measurement property of gel, we have concluded that natural polymer aegel marmelos is the best polymer for the preparation of sustained release bioadhesive topical gel.

Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of selected drugs in pharmaceutical formulations

Simple, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of valacyclovir, aceclofenac, racecadotril, valdecoxib, nebivolol and reboxetine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methanol and triple distilled water were used as solvents for the estimation of all these drugs. Absorption maxima of all the above drugs were determined and the estimations were carried out in tablet dosage forms. Results of the analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.

Allium cepa: A traditional medicinal herb and its health benefits

Allium cepa is highly valued for its therapeutic properties. It has been used as a food remedy from time immemorial.Research shows that onions may help guard against many chronic diseases. That's probably because onions contain generous amounts of the flavonoid quercetin. Studies have shown that quercetin protects against cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In addition, onions contain a variety of other naturally occurring chemicals known as organosulfur com-pounds that have been linked to lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels.Although rarely used specifically as a medicinal herb, the onion has a wide range of beneficial actions on the body and when eaten (especially raw) on a regular basis will promote the general health of the body. The bulb is anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, lithontripic, stomachic and tonic. When used regularly in the diet it offsets tendencies towards angina, arteriosclerosis and heart attack. This is used particularly in the treatment of people whose symptoms include running eyes and nose. The onions ability to relieve congestions especially in the lungs and bronchial tract, is hard to believe until you have actually witnessed the results. The drawing of infection, congestion and colds out of the ear is also remarkable. The onion will relieve stomach upset and other gastrointestinal disorders and it will also strengthen the appetite. Pharmacologically know as Allium cepa, onion is found in every household. The purple skinned onion tastes great. Additionally, it has several health benefits and is part of many home remedies and beauty solutions.

Synthesis, characterization and bioactivities of Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes of benzyloxybenzalde- hydethiosemicarbazone

Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes of benzyloxybenzaldehydethiosemicarbazone(L) were prepared and characterized by their physical, spectral and analytical data. The newly synthesized metal complexes have a composition of [M(L)2X2], where M= Co(II) or Ni(II) and X= Cl. The electronic spectral studies show an octahedral geometry around Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes. The IR spectral data suggest the involvement of sulphur and azomethane nitrogen in coordination with the central metal ion. In order to evaluate the biological activity of the ligand and its metal, complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against bacterial species like – B.subtilis and S.aureus(Gram-positive bacteria) and E. coli, P. aeruginosa and P. vulgaris (Gram-negative bacteria) and also fungal species like- Microsporumgypseum, Teloschistes villous, Aspergillus fumigates and Candida albicans. The results of antimicrobial studies clearly show that the process of chelation dominantly affects the overall biological behaviour of the compounds and they are potent against bacterial and fungal strains. The free ligand and its corresponding metal complexes were screened for antioxidant properties by radical scavenging methods such as 1,1-diphenyl -2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation. They exhibited potent invitro - antioxidant activity dose dependently.

Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves

Hibiscus mutabilis ,Shalapara,Sthalapadma is widely used medicinal plant throughout India and in various systems of medicine like Ayurveda and Siddha.In the traditional system of medicine, the various parts such as leaves ,flowers,seeds,stems are used as emollient, in pectoral and pulmonary complaints, stimulant and leaves applied to swelling. The present review is therefore an effort to give detailed survey of the literature on Pharmacognosy,Phytochemistry and Pharmacological activities of Hibiscus mutabilis. Family: Malvaceae.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new chalcones and flavones containing substituted naphthalene moiety

Seven new chalcones and flavones containing substitued naphthalene nucleus in their structure were synthesized and the structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Stahylococcus aureus

Role of community pharmacist care and management of parkinsonism disease

The community pharmacist, being an important member of the healthcare team and society can make successful efforts to counsel the suffer and guide him about this disease. Pharmacist is now becoming more patient oriented than product oriented and have brought many changes in life of patients. Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder caused by a shortage of a chemical (dopamine) in the brain. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is chronic and progressive, affecting that part of the brain that controls the movement of muscles. The most common form of parkinsonism is Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, which is termed thus since the cause is not known, whereas the cause is either known or at least suspected in the other forms of Parkinson’s disease, such as Postencephalitic Parkinsonism, Drug-Induced Parkinsonism, Striatonigral Degeneration, Toxin-Induced Parkinsonism, Arteriosclerotic However, with modern advances in medicine, Parkinson’s disease can be treated quite effectively, compared to other serious neurological diseases. Basically, Parkinson’s disease symptoms are caused due to the degeneration of brain cells that produce dopamine, particularly in the locus ceruleans and the substantia nigra. The role of community pharmacist needs to be realized not only for the healthcare system to perform better but also for the development of pharmacy profession.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of benzoxazole derivatives as new antiinflammatory agents

New series of methyl 2-(arylideneamino) benzoxazole -5-carboxylate derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of Schiff bases of methyl 2-aminobenzoxazole-5-carboxylate with appropriate aromatic aldehydes. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1HNMR, mass spectral analysis. Further, the synthesized compounds (SH1-SH9) were screened for antiinflammatory activity by using Carrageenan – induced paw edema rat model. The results showed that, compounds SH1-SH3 and SH6-SH8 were significantly (p<0.0001) reduced the inflammation there by showed a promising antiinflammatory activity; where as the compound SH5 moderately reduced the inflammation. Only the two compounds i.e SH4 and SH9 showed very poor anti-inflammatory activity towards Carrageenan – induced paw edema rat.

Intermolecular interaction studies in organic ternary liquid mixtures by Ultrasonic velocity measurements

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured for the ternary mixtures of benzene, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene with N-N dimethylformamide (DMF) in cyclohexane at 303K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi), viscous relaxation time (τ), Gibbs’ Free Energy (∆G*) and acoustic impedance (Z). The excess values of some the above parameters are also evaluated and discussed in the light of molecular interaction in the mixtures. It is observed that a weak molecular interaction prevailing in the present systems of the mixtures. Such interactions are primarily due to weak dipole-dipole and dipole- induced dipole types. Dispersive forces are also found to exist between the components of the mixtures.

Leucotrienes and its biological activities: A review

Leucotrienes have attracted the attention of physician, medicinal chemist and pharmacist for its versatile biological activities.The present review highlights physiological and pathophysiological aspects of Leucotrienes. Leukotrienes, together with the prostaglandins and other related compounds, are derived from 20 carbon (eicosa) fatty acids that contain double bonds (enoic). They are formed from the breakdown of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated 20 carbon fatty acid. In its esterified form, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipids of the cell membranes. Both immunological and non-immunological stimuli can release arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by activating phospholipase A2.There is wide scope of Leukotrienes in therapeutic efficacy against many diseases, hence in this regard the review is outlined to collect the data of history of Leukotrienes releated to its molecular study, structure, pathophysiology and application. it is very interesting and note worthy to develop Leukotrienes for its medicinal values.

Innovations in sustained release drug delivery system and its market opportunities

Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. In the recent years, focus on the development of controlled release drug delivery systems has increased. The basic rationale of controlled release drug delivery system optimises the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that its utility is maximized, side-effects are reduced and cure or control of the condition is achieved, in the shortest possible time by using smallest quantity of drug administered by the most suitable route. There are several advantages of sustained release drug delivery over conventional dosage forms like improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilisation of the drug, increased safety margin of potent drug, reduction in healthcare costs through improved therapy, shorter treatment period and less frequency of dosing. SR products are designed to bring the blood level of a drug immediately to therapeutic concentrations by means of an initial dose portion and then sustain this level for a certain predetermined time with the maintenance portion .SR of drugs in gastrointestinal tract following oral administration is not affected by the absorption process. SR oral dosage forms have become more important in therapy as a means of reduced dosing frequency, hence potentially improving patient compliance and consequently efficacy. The principal goal of SR dosage forms is the improvement of drug therapy assessed by the relationship between advantages and disadvantages of the use of SR systems.

Preparation and characterization of pectin pellets of Aceclofenac for colon targeted drug delivery

The present study objective was to develop novel colon specific drug delivery systems for aceclofenac using pectin as a microbially degradable polymeric carrier and to coat the optimized batches with a pH dependent polymeric coating solution containing Eudragit L 100 and S 100 (1:4). Pellets containing four proportions of pectin were prepared. The pellets were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug content, dissolution, water uptake & erosion characteristics, in vitro drug release studies. The amount of aceclofenac released from the pectin pellets at different time intervals was estimated by UV spectrophotometric method at 275nm. Eudragit coated pectin pellets prevented release of the aceclofenac in the physiological environment of stomach and small intestine depending on the proportion of pectin used in the formulation. The dissolution profile and in vitro release kinetics showed that pectin pellets were promising for controlled delivery of the drug. The findings of the present study conclusively state that pectin pellets are promising for colon targeting of aceclofenac to synchronize the chronobiological symptoms for effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of metal complexes of 3-amino-5-methyl isoxazole Schiff bases

Metal chelates of biologically important Schiff bases namely 4-methyl-2-{[(5'-methyl-3'- isoxazolyl)imino] methyl} phenol(MEMIIMP) and 5-methoxy-2--{[(5'-methyl-3'- isoxazolyl)imino] methyl} phenol(MMIIMP) with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and VO(IV) have been synthesized. The metal chelates have been characterized by elemental analysis molar conductivity data TG, DTA, spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, Mass, ESR and electronic) and magnetic moments. The dissociation constants of Schiff bases and stability constants of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been determined potentiometrically in aquo organic medium at 30±1oC and at 0.1 M KNO3 ionic strength. Antimicrobial activities of Schiff bases and their complexes were screened against bacteria & fungi are discussed.

Medicinal uses and health benefits of honey: An overview

Honey is highly nutritious, it has traces of minerals and vitamins not to mention the antioxidants which destroy free radicals and delay ageing. In short, it is a safe and wholesome food for old, children and adults. Although not an herb, honey is a plant by-product and used medicinally around the world. Honey is also an energizer, helping workers and athletes overcome fatigue and regain energy. Children, young and old can alike take honey, without worrying any side effects. Honey is a multivitamin tonic, has antibacterial properties and has antioxidants. Nausea, cough, cold etc can be treated by taking honey with a tsp of tulsi (basil) leaf juice. Asthmatic persons can also benefit from taking honey everyday. Ayurveda acknowledges honey as a wonder medicine capable of providing longevity. Osteoporosis is another condition, which can be prevented by taking honey regularly. Modern researches have underpinned the wonderful effects of honey, proving honey to be effective against advanced cases of stomach and bone cancer. Taking one tablespoon honey with one tsp cinnamon powder three times a day and cancer symptoms receded in one month. Honey has several antioxidants, effective against cancer growth. You can take honey alone or with milk or water, with or without a pinch of cinnamon powder. Make honey a habit; it will keep you healthy, strong and fruitful. Honey is anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal, and all of these properties make it ideal for healing wounds. It also dries out wounds effectively because of its low water content while its high sugar content keeps microorganisms from growing. Honey also contains an enzyme that produces the disinfectant hydrogen peroxide when it touches a damp surface like a wound.

Validated method for Silymarin by spectrophotometry in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of silymarinflavonolignans (a compound from Silybum marianum) in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations is described. The method is based on the simple solubility of silymarin in methanol. The absorbance maximum of silymarin measured at wavelength 287nm. The drug obeys Beer’s Law in the concentration range 6-16 g/ml employed for this method. Accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed method was statistically validated by recovery studies. The method is found to be rapid, precise and accurate and can easily be employed in the laboratory for the routine estimation of drug and it’s extended to the analysis of silymarin in pharmaceutical formulations.

Design, development and formulation of antiacne dermatological gel

In the present study, Adapalene gels were prepared using CMC Na, HPMC, HPC, Carbomer and combinations of cellulose derivatives; as base and PluronicPE-6200 as penetration enhancer for the treatment of Acne. The gels were evaluated for drug content, viscosity determination, in vitro permeation (Nylone-66) and stability studies. The drug content of the gels was found to range from 98-105.7 %. The viscosity of the gels ranged between 7100-83144 cps. . In-vitro diffusion profile of Adapalene gel (optimized formula F-22) obtained in ethanol with water (80:20) indicate that 40.33% drug release found within 6 hrs. while 35.22% of marketed preparation. Although the difference is insignificant, the percentage release of drug was found to increase in the following order of the polymer composition: Carbopol-980> Carbopol-940> Carbopol-934> HPC > SODIUM CMC> HPC+SODIUM CMC > METHYL CELLULOSE > HPMC > HPC+HPMC. Further the formulation F-22 was found to be stable at accelerated stability condition with respect to percent drug content, release characteristics, pH, transparency, feel and viscosity

Conventional and greener approach for the synthesis of some novel substituted -4-oxothiazolidine and their 5-arylidene derivatives of 2-methyl-benzimidazole: Antimicrobial activities

The aim of this work was to investigate the efficiency of N1–(2-Benzylidene-imino-5'-methylene)-1',3',4'-thiadiazole]-2-methyl-benzimidazoles, 4(a-n); N'1-[2'-{2-SubstitutedPhenyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one}-5'-methylene-1',3',4'-thiadiazole]-2-methyl-benzimidazoles, (an) and N1-[2'-{2-substituted-phenyl-5-substituted-benzylidene-1,3-thiazolidine-4-one}-5'-methylene-1',3',4'-thiadiazole] -2-methyl-benzimidazoles, 6(a-n) for the synthesis by conventional and greenar approach methods in terms of yield and reaction time along with antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus aureus bacteria and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxisporium and Trichoderma viride fungi in vitro at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations. Some of the compounds displayed pronounced biological activity. The structures of all the new compounds were established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1HNMR and mass).

UV-Spectrophotometric determination of Ceftazidime in pure and pharmaceutical formulation

A simple sensitive spectrophotometric method in UV region has been developed for the determination of Ceftazidime in bulk dosage form. The solution of ceftazidime in 0.1N HCl shows maximum absorbance at 261nm, beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-10 µg ml -1 The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of . ceftazidime, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value of 0.9981. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 0.0465 and 0.0007 respectively. The analysis were validated statistically and its recovery studies result of percentage shows that the method was not affected by the presence of excepients which proves suitability of the developed method for the routine estimation of ceftazidime bulk and solid dosage form. This method were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there no interference from excepients and diluents. The proposed methods are economical and sensitive for the estimation of ceftazidime in bulk dosage form.

Pharmacognostic standardization and phytochemical screening of albizzia lebbeck

http://jocpr.com/second-issue/J.%20Chem.%20Pharm.%20Res.,2010,%202(1)%20432-443.pdf

Carbon nanotubes in pharmaceutical nanotechnology: An introduction to future drug delivery system

Recent discoveries indicate that the materials are bought down in sizes in the range 1-100nm, these exhibits unique electrical, optical, chemical and pharmaceutical properties. Methods have now been established to obtain the monodispersed nanocrystals of various metallic and semi conducting materials, single walled and multiwalled nanotubes of carbon and other metallic and non metallic materials together with organic nanomaterials such as nanostructures composites with tailored functionalities. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have great impact on the development of newer methodologies and devices useful for the analysis and the detection of various types of chemicals. The detection sensitivity can be increased many folds. The extraordinary properties of carbon nanotubes have led to demonstration of several applications of CNTs. But commercial realization of these CNTs and CNTs based devices require consistent quality of CNTs and these should be free of any impurity. Such demanding requirements need development of elaborate purification and sorting of CNTs. In last few years, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have shown unexpected advantages in the field of cancer treatment and drug delivery systems. Present review article discuss in brief about the methods of synthesis, with purification as well as sorting techniques for giving different grades to different types of CNTs. These show very good adsorption properties which helps in the detection of various chemicals, toxic agents etc. Research done using CNTs for cancer treatment is also discussed in brief.

Studies of antipsychotic drugs as potential schizophrenia agents

To study describe the actions of antipsychotics or neuroleptics on the behavioral effects elicited by ketamine on open-field, rota rod and tail suspension tests in mice. A series of novel analogs of 2-[3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl} propyl]-1,2,4-triazolo [4,3-a] pyridine-3- (2H)-one hydrochloride, a potential psychoactive drug of the piperazine and triazolopyridine chemical classes that has antidepressant, anxiolytic, and hypnotic properties were synthesized. Male swiss albino mice (25–30g) were used for the study and compounds were administered alone (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg) or thirty minutes before ketamine (10 mg/Kg, ip). ketamine increased (63.3 ± 4.2) the locomotor activity compared to control, while neuroleptics decreased it (25.5 ± 4.2). Pretreatment with neuroleptics, in both doses, blocked hyperlocomotion caused by ketmine. In rota rod test, ketamine decreased (Ketamine: 15 ± 4.1) the permanence time of the animals compared to control (Control: 59 ± 0.6), but this effect was not observed when antipsychotics were administered alone. Pretreatment with antipsychotics reverted the effect of ketamine only in the rota rod. While ketamine (17.3 ± 5.6) decreased the time of immobility in the tail suspension test compared to the control (80.2 ± 10.2), the pretreatment with neuroleptics reverted this mobility. The action of antipsychotics or neuroleptics tested have exhibited encouraging results in the behavioral model induced by ketamine in mice and can be further evaluated as potential candidates for treatment of schizophrenia.

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of tetradentate schiff base complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Co(II)

Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes were synthesized with bis- (salicylaldehyde)malonyldihydrazone a tetradentate ligand (L) and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility, IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies. Metal(II) salts react with Schiff base ligand in 1:1 molar ratio. The ligand and its complexes are stable at room temperature and all of them are nonhygroscopic also. The elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were performed by micro analytical methods. Apart from this, the geometry of the newly synthesized compounds has been explained based on their elemental analysis, molar conductivity and spectral data. The molar conductance measurements of all the complexes in DMF solution correspond to electrolytic nature for the complexes except Mn(II) complexes.

Method development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Lamivudine and Zidovudine

A rapid, sensitive and specific RP-HPLC [1-5] method involving UV detection was developed and validated for determination and quantification of Lamivudine and Zidovudine. Chromatography was carried out on a pre-packed AltimaC18 5µ (150*4.6mm) column using filtered and degassed mixture of Ammonium acetate buffer:Methanol (80:20) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min and effluent was monitored at 270nm. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and specificity, limit of quantification and limit of detection. The assay was linear over the concentration range of Lamivudine and Zidovudine was 37.5mcg-112.5mcg/ml and 75mcg to 225mcg/ml respectively. Accuracy of the method was determined through recovery studies by adding known quantities of standard drug to the pre analyzed test solution and was found to be 98.50%-99.9% and 98.30%- 100.10% within precision RSD of 0.71 and 0.82 for Lamivudine and Zidovudine respectively. The system suitability parameters such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 3189.33, 1.12 and 7852.83, 1.05 respectively for Lamivudine and Zidovudine. The method does require only 20 minutes as run time for analysis which prove the adoptability of the method for the routine quality control of the drug.

Synthesis, antibacterial and invitro antioxidant activity of 2,3-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones

Quinazolinone and their derivatives have been studied extensively for various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-HIV activity. Schiff bases have also been exploited extensively for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In the present investigation various quinazolinone amines have been clubbed with five membered heterocyclic aldehydes to obtain the title compounds. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activity against S.aureus, B.subtilis, E.coli and K.pneumonia and invitro antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2,2-picryl hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) method.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some dibenzazepine analogs

Dibenzazepines and analogs exhibit a wide variety of biological activities like antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antipsychotic, antioxidant, antimicrobial etc.In the present study we have synthesized new analogs of dibenzazepines. The structures of these synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, NMR, Mass and CHN analysis. All the values and results of this spectral and elemental analysis were found to be in the normal range. These compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity.

Synthesis and biological activity of 8-chloro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines

8-Chloro-1-substituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines 6 underwent facile condensation with various hydrocarbon derivatives in the presence of TEBAC in acetonitrile was refluxed and afforded corresponding 8-chloro-1,4-substituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline derivatives 7aj. Their chemical structures were characterized using IR, H 1 NMR and Mass spectral studies. All the above compounds were screened for anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant activity and their bioassay showed them to possess significant antimicrobial activity and anti-oxidant activity.

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-[(4, 5-dihydro-5-phenyl-3-(phenylamino)pyrazol-1-yl)]ethanone derivatives

In present study a series of chalcones of anilide and their corresponding product 1-[(4,5-dihydro- 5-phenyl-3-(phenylamino)pyrazol-1-yl)]ethanone derivatives I-VI were synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity against electric shock induced convulsion method in rat at a dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg intraperitonially. The structures of compounds were confirmed by IR, H 1 NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The compounds of this series (III) and (V) were found to be most potent, which have shown higher percent of anti convulsant activity. Phenytoin was taken as reference drug. Their pharmacophoric groups are similar and the possible structure of suitable fused heterocyclic could be accepted to give anti convulsant activity.

Stability study of O/W emulsions using zeta potential

Emulsions are widely used as medicinal and cosmetic delivery systems on account of general observations that emulsified materials normally possess the properties being exhibited by its bulk components. In order to widen scope of application of the conclusions drawn, o/w emulsions covering almost all routes of administration were considered for the study. These included parenteral emulsion, oral Emulsion and topical emulsion. Zeta potential including zeta deviation and peak position, and effective particle size of the emulsions including Z-average diameter, poly dispersity index and peak position were studied using a Zeta sizer (Malvern instrument). Employing Laser Doppler Electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering technique, Zeta potential and particle size distribution of the droplet as a function of time can be determined, which was done in this paper. Zeta potential is used to study the chemistry involved in determining whether or not an emulsion will remain stable in the environment where it will be used. Hence it is very much essential. The stability of all diluted emulsions (1% v/v) of samples in milli-Q water was studied. The parameters Zeta potential, particle size and pH were measured at 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days after dilution of the emulsions by mechanical mixing. On the stability study of all these parameters it was found that topical emulsion were most stable followed by oral and parenteral.

Development and validation of spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of Sparfloxacin in tablet dosage forms

Two simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (A and B) have been developed for the quantitative estimation of sparfloxacin, in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods were based on the formation of coloured chromogens, which were measured at 549 nm and 465 nm, respectively. The results obtained with the proposed methods are in satisfactory with the labeled amounts when tablet dosage forms were analysed.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of copper (II) metal complexes of a 16 membered pentaaza (N5) bis (macrocyclic) complexes

Copper (II) complexes were synthesized with 1,1’-diphenyl, and 1,1’-diphenyl methane– bis(8,10-dimethyl-1,3,7,11,15-pentaazacyclohexadeca-7,11-diene) a tetradentate ligand (L) and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies. The molar conductance measurements of all the complexes in DMF solution correspond to non-electrolytic nature for (ML)2RX4 complexes,1:4 electrolytes for (ML)2RY4 .Thus the complexes may be formulated by [(ML)2RX4] and [(ML)2R]Y4 respectively [where M = Cu (II), R = (C6H4NH2(2, (C6H4NH2(2CH2X= Cl ,.-, CH3COO-, NO3 -and Y = ClO4- All the .complexes are of the high-spin type and found to have six-coordinated octahedral geometry except the complexes of perchlorate which were four coordinate and square planar in geometry.

Wound-healing activity of Hydroxytriazenes–A new class of Bioactive compounds

In the present study, the wound-healing activity of some substituted hydroxytriazenes was investigated. Excision, resutured incision and dead space wound models were used to evaluate the wound-healing activity of substituted hydroxytriazenes. In excision wound model, treatment was continued till the complete healing of the wound, in incision and dead space wound models the treatment was continued for 10 days. For topical application, 5% w/w ointment of hydroxytriazenes was prepared in 2% sodium alginate and for oral administration hydroxytriazenes dissolved in DMSO, at dose 5 mg/kg were used. In excision and incision wound models, the control group of animals was left untreated and in dead space wound models the animals were treated with DMSO (1ml/kg). The healing of the wound was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline estimation. Except the parent compound (HD-1), rest of the hydroxytriazenes (HD-2 and HD-3) significantly promoted the wound-healing activity in all the three wound models. Substituted hydroxytriazenes (HD-2 and HD-3) promote the wound-healing activity, whereas the parent hydroxytriazene compound (HD- 1) does not do so.